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• Gambling Psychological Test Questions
• Gambling Psychological Test Scoring
• Gambling Psychological Test Scoring
• Psychological Test Definition
• Gambling Psychological Test Definition

Research has shown that a number of psychological strategies are helpful in the treatment and management of problem gambling, with the most effective being cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing (MI), and motivational enhancement therapy (MET). Self-assessment test for pathological gambling Please answer the following questions as a guide to whether or not you may have a problem with gambling. Please note that the test is for guidance only and should not be considered as a replacement for clinical diagnosis, as gambling.

The Iowa gambling task (IGT) is a psychological task thought to simulate real-life decision making.It was introduced by Antoine Bechara, Antonio Damasio, Hanna Damasio and Steven Anderson,^[1] then researchers at the University of Iowa. It has been brought to popular attention by Antonio Damasio (proponent of the somatic marker hypothesis) in his best-selling book Descartes' Error.^[2]

The task was originally presented simply as the Gambling Task, or the 'OGT'. Later, it has been referred to as the Iowa gambling task and, less frequently, as Bechara's Gambling Task.^[3] The Iowa gambling task is widely used in research of cognition and emotion. A recent review listed more than 400 papers that made use of this paradigm.^[4]

Task structure[edit]

Participants are presented with four virtual decks of cards on a computer screen. They are told that each deck holds cards that will either reward or penalize them, using game money. The goal of the game is to win as much money as possible. The decks differ from each other in the balance of reward versus penalty cards. Thus, some decks are 'bad decks', and other decks are 'good decks', because some decks will tend to reward the player more often than other decks.

Common findings[edit]

Most healthy participants sample cards from each deck, and after about 40 or 50 selections are fairly good at sticking to the good decks. Patients with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dysfunction, however, continue to persevere with the bad decks, sometimes even though they know that they are losing money overall. Concurrent measurement of galvanic skin response shows that healthy participants show a 'stress' reaction to hovering over the bad decks after only 10 trials, long before conscious sensation that the decks are bad.^[5] By contrast, patients with amygdala lesions never develop this physiological reaction to impending punishment. In another test, patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) dysfunction were shown to choose outcomes that yield high immediate gains in spite of higher losses in the future.^[6] Bechara and his colleagues explain these findings in terms of the somatic marker hypothesis.

The Iowa gambling task is currently being used by a number of research groups using fMRI to investigate which brain regions are activated by the task in healthy volunteers^[7] as well as clinical groups with conditions such as schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder.

Critiques[edit]

Although the IGT has achieved prominence, it is not without its critics. Criticisms have been raised over both its design and its interpretation. Published critiques include:

Gambling Psychological Test Questions

• A paper by Dunn, Dalgliesh and Lawrence^[4]
• Research by Lin, Chiu, Lee and Hsieh,^[8] who argue that a common result (the 'prominent deck B' phenomenon) argues against some of the interpretations that the IGT has been claimed to support.
• Research by Chiu and Lin,^[9] the 'sunken deck C' phenomenon was identified, which confirmed a serious confound embedded in the original design of IGT, this confound makes IGT serial studies misinterpret the effect of gain-loss frequency as final-outcome for somatic marker hypothesis.
• A research group in Taiwan utilized an IGT-modified and relatively symmetrical gamble for gain-loss frequency and long-term outcome, namely the Soochow gambling task (SGT) demonstrated a reverse finding of Iowa gambling task.^[10] Normal decision makers in SGT were mostly occupied by the immediate perspective of gain-loss and inability to hunch the long-term outcome in the standard procedure of IGT (100 trials under uncertainty). In his book, Inside the investor's brain,^[11]Richard L. Peterson considered the serial findings of SGT may be congruent with the Nassim Taleb's^[12] suggestion on some fooled choices in investment.

References[edit]

1. ^Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., Anderson, S. W. (1994). 'Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex'. Cognition. 50 (1–3): 7–15. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3. PMID8039375.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ^Damasio, António R. (2008) [1994]. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Random House. ISBN978-1-4070-7206-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)Descartes' Error
3. ^Busemeyer JR, Stout JC (2002). 'A contribution of cognitive decision models to clinical assessment: Decomposing performance on the Bechara gambling task'. Psychological Assessment. 14 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.3.253.
4. ^ ^abDunn BD, Dalgleish T, Lawrence AD (2006). 'The somatic marker hypothesis: a critical evaluation'. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 30 (2): 239–71. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.07.001. PMID16197997.
5. ^Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR (1997). 'Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy'. Science. 275 (5304): 1293–5. doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1293. PMID9036851.
6. ^Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR (2000). 'Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions'. Brain. 123 (11): 2189–2202. doi:10.1093/brain/123.11.2189. PMID11050020.
7. ^Fukui H, Murai T, Fukuyama H, Hayashi T, Hanakawa T (2005). 'Functional activity related to risk anticipation during performance of the Iowa Gambling Task'. NeuroImage. 24 (1): 253–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.028. PMID15588617.
8. ^Lin CH, Chiu YC, Lee PL, Hsieh JC (2007). 'Is deck B a disadvantageous deck in the Iowa Gambling Task?'. Behav Brain Funct. 3: 16. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-3-16. PMC1839101. PMID17362508.
9. ^Chiu, Yao-Chu; Lin, Ching-Hung (August 2007). 'Is deck C an advantageous deck in the Iowa Gambling Task?'. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 3 (1): 37. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-3-37. PMC1995208. PMID17683599.
10. ^Chiu, Yao-Chu; Lin, Ching-Hung; Huang, Jong-Tsun; Lin, Shuyeu; Lee, Po-Lei; Hsieh, Jen-Chuen (March 2008). 'Immediate gain is long-term loss: Are there foresighted decision makers in the Iowa Gambling Task?'. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 4 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-4-13. PMC2324107. PMID18353176.
11. ^Richard L. Peterson (9 July 2007). Inside the Investor's Brain: The Power of Mind Over Money. Wiley. ISBN978-0-470-06737-6.
12. ^'Nassim Nicholas Taleb Home & Professional Page'. www.fooledbyrandomness.com.

Gambling Psychological Test Scoring

External links[edit]

• A free implementation of the Iowa Gambling task is available as part of the PEBL Project. For free, you will need to contribute to the WIKI, financially, software development, or publish and cite the program.
• A customizable version of the web implementation that works with Google Spreadsheets (your own spreadsheet) is here.
• A free implementation for Android and iPad.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Edition, gambling disorder is a condition characterized by persistent problematic gambling behavior that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. Roughly 2 percent of the U.S. adult population has a gambling disorder, and current estimates of prevalence in the military are even lower, in the range of 0.3 – 1.2 percent. However, due to concerns about potential gambling problems in the military population, there are major efforts underway to screen everyone across the military for a gambling disorder. This sounds good in theory; gambling disorders are serious and are associated with bankruptcy, criminal behavior, domestic violence, and increased risk for suicide. In practice, however, universal screening may not be simple to implement. Several factors need to be considered:

1. Are accurate screening instruments readily available?

2. How common are gambling disorders in the military?

3. What are the consequences of screening?

The Psychological Health Center of Excellence recently published a systematic review in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology which evaluated the accuracy of screening instruments for gambling disorder. After reviewing more than 16,000 articles, we found that:

• Only three screening instruments for gambling disorder had been adequately validated, and none of these instruments had been tested on a military or veteran population.
• The accuracy of all three instruments was generally low, and they had the potential to misclassify a large proportion of service members screened.

Gambling Psychological Test Scoring

We tested how well the three screening instruments would perform on a population of 1.3 million active-duty service members. Using the most conservative of the three screening instruments, we found that 97 percent of service members who screened positive actually would NOT have a gambling disorder. If universal screening was deployed, that means that almost 994,000 service members without gambling disorder likely would be identified as having the disorder and would need follow-up assessments and potentially be referred for care.

This is not unusual. In order to identify a small number of cases with a rare disorder, universal screening for a rare condition commonly results in thousands of people being falsely identified as potentially having that disorder. Our paper discusses strategies to improve screening efforts including screening only those service members who have other conditions that make them already at higher risk or who are stationed in military areas with high concentrations of known gambling problems. See this poster presentation for more on the behavioral, demographic and proximal risk factors for pathological gambling in the military community.

Psychological Test Definition

Our review concludes there is a lack of adequate evidence to support population-level screening for gambling disorder using current instruments. More rigorous research on screening instruments is needed using adequate reference standards, generalizable study populations, and outcomes related to the downstream effects of screening.

Learn more about gambling problems, treatment options, self-help tools, and resources to help veterans overcome gambling-related issues at Make the Connection.

Dr. Belsher is the chief of research translation and integration at the Psychological Health Center of Excellence. His primary areas of focus include deployment-related mental health, systematic review methodologies, health services research, dissemination of evidence-based mental health practice, and collaborative care.

Dr. Otto is a contracted senior epidemiologist supporting the Psychological Health Center of Excellence. She serves as a subject matter expert for health services population research, evidence synthesis, and research gaps identification and prioritization.

Gambling Psychological Test Definition

The views expressed in Clinician's Corner blogs are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Psychological Health Center of Excellence or Department of Defense.